Easy2Siksha.com
  -2024
 5 
 ( )
:    :50
:          ,           
           
-
1. -   ?          - 
2.       ' '    ?        
   
-
3.                    
4. .           
-
5.            
    
6.               
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-
7.   ?        
       
        
8.               
  -2024
 5 
 ( )
:    :50
:          ,           
           
-
1. -   ?          - 
:    -  :  ,   
                  
 -  ,      ,     , 
                 
,          ,  ,  -
        ,        
 
          -         
,        ,       
Easy2Siksha.com
   ?
  -               
             ""    
       ,   -     
      
  , -               
 ,  ,   -          
   
    -    
              , 
     -     ,   
               :
1.    
  ,         ()   () ,
         ,          
                  ()  
()        ,       
                ,
          -    
      
2.   : 
  ,             ,
   (,  , ...)    ,       :

  


 


Easy2Siksha.com
    ,     ,        
   
3.    
16  17   ,        " "
                
 ,    ,          
      
4. 20     
          ,    
  -         :
              
               
   
             
         
     ,           
,           
    -    
-         :
1.         ,      
         ,      
  ,    
2.               
               
  
3.               
  ,          
4.              
   ,            

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5.    -      
      
             
  
    -    
,    -     ,    
           :
1.       (),  ( )  
               
2.            ,   ,
  -       ,     
3.             
      ,         
4.               
                

   
   21               
       ,        
       ,       ,    , -
        ,        

              
 -         ,   
       ,  

   -           
  -        -
        ,       
     ,       ,     
   -,  ,          
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                  ,
         ,        
 , -             
,                
    -,      
2.       ' '    ?        
   
:            -   
,             ,   
 , , -             
              , 18   
   ( )      ,     
        -     
             :   
    -          
      ,         
                 

   : ,     ,  ,    
󷊆󷊇       ?
1.    
     -  
   ,      (  ) ,   
  
        ,    "   "
,     ,    ,  ,    

2. 
          
  ,      ,      
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             - 
                
 
3.    
       ,         

      -        , 
     
4.    
:
 ( )   
 :  ,      
: ( ),  ( )     
 :    ;        
5. 
 ,             
,  ,   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  :   
,      ,    -  ,    
   
1.    
  -      ,   
    
  ,        ,        
      
2. 
   18  19          
  ,         ,    
    
3.    
    ,      
Easy2Siksha.com
       ,       
- 
  (), ,  (-)    
4.    
 :          
 :  (6 )   (8 )    
: ,  ()  - (    )  

 :         
5.    
  (  ):, , 
 : -,   
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃   




   ()
     

  (
)
,    
, , 
, , 
 
, 
, , 
-
 , 
, , 

 , , 
, , 

, 
, 
󼩺󼩻      
               
          ,      
    
   :      ,    
             
  :              
  -           

:               
         
   :            
     
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  ,           ,    
    ,     ,   ,   
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘   
     -       
           - ,   
         - ,      
   ,    ,    -      
   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1.    -  ,     ,     
,      
2.  ,       
3.    -  ,     ,   
     
4.         ,        

5.               
      
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
     - ,          
        ,        
                  ,
      ,  ,       
,     ,           ;   
 ,                 
  ,      
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-
3.                    
:      
        ,  ,          
  ,      ,   ,        
     ,        ,      
, ,              
,   -,      
  ?
                 -
    ,            
                , ,
              , 
 , ,   ,             
  
      , , ,     , 
          ,  ,  ,
       
   
   ,       ,    
 ,              
       
1.   
           ,      
   :
Easy2Siksha.com
    :, ,          
    ,    ,          
           
   :        ,   ,  
       ,        
        
  :     ,   ,     
 ,              
    ,              
 
    :    ,  ,    
        ,         
         ,     
  
   :     ,        
  ,             
     
2.       
        ,        
      :
:,       ,         
              ,    
  ,          
 :         ,     
        ,     
:    ,   ,        
          
 :        ,  ,   
       
  :-   ,       
    ,   ,     
  ,          ,  
  
3.    
Easy2Siksha.com
      -         
     
  :             
         - - ,     
     ,       
 :      ,       
          ,     
  
             -       
4.     
                 
  ,  ,          , 
   , ,           
         ,    ,   
     
            ,   ,
              ,   
          
       
         ,     :   
                 
   ,               
                 -
    -  ,         ,
     ,           , 
        

           ,  ,   
    ,    ,     ,   
     , ,  ,         
Easy2Siksha.com
       ,        
,     ,           
     
 ,     ,        -     
  ,  ,      ,         
    
4. .           
:    ,            
-  ,              
             (1901-1992),   
                 ,
                ,
   ,       
          ,     
 
󷊆󷊇    
 :     1901        ,  
            
     ,           

 :  -,  ,          
           ,     
   
           -         
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
    , .            
 
1.   :
o        ,    ()  
   
2. Bhaskarbuwa Bakhle:
o          ,    
     
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o      ,        
         
o                 
  
3.       (   ):
o                
  
o      ,   ,  - (
   ), -         
4.     (   ):
o    -         
 
o   ,          
    
 , .        ,    - ,  
 -     ,        
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃  
  :          ,
    ,       
    :               
      
 : , ,      ,      
     
   :    ,       
      -     
󷇮󷇭     
1.   
         ,     ,
              
 
              
         ;      
   
2.   
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1960            -   
 
              

           ,  
, ..    
              , 
      
3.    
.                
           
   ,   ,      
       
4.     
             

      ,  -     ,  
    ,        
󼩺󼩻 
:              
   
:     ,      
 :   (),         
  
:          ,     
    
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘     
    .        ,    
     
13  1992             
,       
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
1.      :          
         
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2.     :           
          
3.      :           
  
4.     :            
     
󹶜󹶟󹶝󹶞󹶠󹶡󹶢󹶣󹶤󹶥󹶦󹶧   
              , ,
  .               
     ,           
                
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1.   1901             
2.    :  ,  ,    

3.      -, , 
4.   ,          
5.        ,         
6.   . , .. ,   
7. 1992     ,          
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
                   
                 
  ,          ,      
  ,             
         
   ,              ,
       -            

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-
5.            
    
:         
     
      ,      ,     
 , ,      ,      ,  
     ,            
     ,            
  
    :   
   ,             , 
               ,   
     -        ,    

       ,    ,     ,
     ;  ,          (
)        ( )     ,   
    
 ( ): '
 (   ):'  
,     -   ,  -   ,   
          ()       ,
      ,        : ,  
    
       
1.  :       ,  9    
   
2.  (): ,          
        
3.  :
o   (  ): ()
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o   (
   ): ()
4.  (    ):       '  , 
           
             -      ,
  ,     
 :    
,          ,     
                ,   
      ,           
  ,   ,           
 
  -   ,   ,     
   
 ,    ()       
(  ), - (   )   ( )     
    
  
  (16  )   
       
  ,      
 :
 : (16 )
:
()
  (
      ):
 ():    '
 ():'    
 (  ):
   |   ' ||
'   |    ||
"   ,    "
   |   ' ||
'   |    ||
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"   ,    "
    :
  -   ,         (S')  
 ,      
      ,       
       '       
  
      ,   ()   ()   
     
1. -  :   ,      - 
 ()   ()    ,        
2.
    :    ,    -    
    , -   
3.       :         ,
      ,    
:      (   ),  () 
 ( )       ,    -
  
    
        :
   , ,     -        
  ,     -       
           ,    :   
     ,             
     ,        

Easy2Siksha.com
     ,           
       -    ,   
           
   , 
      ,        
6.               
:               
  ,      ,           
        ,    ,   
       ,        
  (     ) ,        16
    
       ,    (  
 )           ,   (
)  ,   ,           
   ,   ,     ()   ()
     
     ,           

󷊆󷊇    
   ():16
 :4 ( 4 )
   ( ):1, 5,  13  
 ():9  
 ( ):  ,  “X”     
     :
X () 2 () 0 () 3 ()
1 2 3 4 | 5 6 7 8 | 9 10 11 12 | 13 14 15 16
( )
   |     |     |    
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        -       
       
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   ()   
                
          
   
1 2 3 4 | 5 6 7 8 | 9 10 11 12 | 13 14 15 16
    |     |     |    
 | 2 | 0 | 3
,   ()             ,   
   
󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃   (
)   
                   
     ,           16-
    
   
1 2 3 4 | 5 6 7 8
    |    
 | 2
9 10 11 12 | 13 14 15 16
    |    
0 | 3
        : " "     ,      
            
󼩺󼩻   
  ( ):           
     ,           
 
  ( ):          
 ,         ( )     
       
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󷇮󷇭     
1.  :
o             
             
    
o      -        
2.   :
o     -        
o       ()   ()  
   
3. :
o           ,    
,      
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘   
              ,    
,  ,       -  ,      
  ,               , 
          
         :          
 ,      -  ,    ,  

󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1.      16-  ,       ,   
 
2.    ( ):1, 5, 13; : 9.
3. :
   |     |     |    
4.    ():   ,   
5.    ():   ,    
6. :   ,   -   
7. :,    - ,      

󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
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                
  ,      :  ,       
  ,  ""  ,        ,
      ;   ,       
  ,               
     ,               
   ,              
; -,         
-
7.   ?        
       
        
: :     
                  
,               ,  
            ,   
           ,      , 
     
     ,          
    ,              
     ,         ,     
       
     
      ,       ,   
                  
      ;          
      ,      
            ,    
-               
,            
  ,              , 
   "    "
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   
          ,   
              ,
           
    :
1.  :             ,  
        ,      ,  
           
2.  :           ,  
-       ,     
     
3.     (   )          ,
             
   
       
          ( )  ,  
                
      :
1.  
             ,  
  ,          
    -,          
    ( ),  ( )    
        ,       
,           -     
2.   
              ()
   ()    
         ,       
   
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             ,
             
 
3.     
         ,        -
 
      ,      
  
              ,  
              
4.  
    -    ,         
             ,  
      
      
              
              , 
         
     :
1.                   
 ,       
2.         ,     
           
3.         ,     
 ,    
  
    ,             ,
                 
            ,      

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  
,       ,   -   
       (   )
           -  
    
      -           ,   
  ,            

 ,  ,          
   ,      ,      
   , , ,         
  ,    ,    ,     

            ,    -    
  ;    ,         ,  
         
8.               
:            (
)   -   ,         
,                     
      (1563-1606),   ,   ,   
      ,         
 
         ,   
           ,    
   (    )     ,    , 
  (  )   ,       
     
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                   
󷊆󷊇     
1563     ,   ,         
  ,          , ,  
   ,           

           ,     
                  
  ,          ,       
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  :    
            (1604)   ,  
   
     ,     ,      -
, ,    ,         
 
               
  
   31      (-)     
  ()         ,    
      ,   
  :      ,       

  ?
       - ,       
-  , ,       ,    
             
  :


    


     


      
 ,       -  
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󽀼󽀽󽁀󽁁󽀾󽁂󽀿󽁃   
          ,       
    
   (  )        
      
 , ,           
                
        
   ,     ,    
󷇮󷇭       
               

1.   
o       ,        
    
o             
2.   
o              
    
o          ,   
    
3.  
o   ,          
o  ,         ,       
           
4.   
o          ,      
           ,   
  
o             
󼩺󼩻     
       ,     1604     
          ,       
      ,      
   2,000    ,        
    ,    
Easy2Siksha.com
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘   
             ,    
  ,  ,         
  :       ,     
           ,        

󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  
1.    (1563-1606)   , ,    
2.    (1604)   ,    31     
3.               
,   
4.     ,         
   
5.    ( 2,000 )      
6.               
   
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
                ,
            ,   
      ,         ,
               - 
     ,         ,  
 ,            
        ,     -     
     -  
 ,         ,       
,        ,          
 
"                 
     ,     "